Models of Sanctification

Introduction

A model of sanctification is a view about how Christians mature as Christ-followers. Christians hold different models of sanctification. This article explains five of the major views and argues that the Bible teaches the Reformed view.

But first it is important to clarify that when Christians talk about models of sanctification, we are referring to progressive sanctification. A Christian can say, “I am sanctified, I am being sanctified, and I will be sanctified.” The Bible presents three tenses of sanctification:

1. Past. Definitive or positional sanctification occurs when God sets people apart for himself at the moment they become Christians (e.g., Acts 20:32; 26:18; Rom 1:7; 6; 1Cor 1:2; 6:11; Eph 1:1; 5:3; Col 1:2, 12; 3:12; 2Thes 1:10; Heb 10:10, 14; Jude 3; Rev 13:7).
2. Present. Progressive sanctification is the ongoing, incomplete, lifelong maturing process in which a Christian gradually becomes more holy (e.g., John 17:17; 2Cor 3:18; 7:1; Phil 1:6; 1Thes 4:3–4, 7; Heb 12:14; 2Pet 3:11).
3. Future. Ultimate sanctification corresponds to glorification (e.g., Phil 3:21; 1Thes 3:13; 5:23; Jude 24). This happens after death when God sets his people apart from sin’s presence and possibility.

The charts directly under the next five headings attempt to clarify five major views at the risk of oversimplifying them. Note:

• The cross in each chart represents the point of a Christian’s regeneration and conversion.
• The dotted arrows in the first three charts depict that a person may repeatedly lose and recover the resultant state from the crisis experience.

The first four views chronologically separate the time a person becomes a Christian from the time progressive sanctification begins.

The Wesleyan View of Progressive Sanctification

John Wesley (1703–1791) is the father of views that chronologically separate the time a person becomes a Christian from the time progressive sanctification begins. Wesley taught “Christian perfection,” which as he qualifies does not refer to absolute sinless perfection. Christian perfection is a type of perfection that only Christians can experience—as opposed to Adamic perfection, angelic perfection, or God’s unique, absolute perfection. The way Wesley qualifies Christian perfection hinges on how he narrowly defines sin as “a voluntary transgression of a known law.” He limits sin to only intentional sinful acts.

The essence of Wesley’s Christian perfection is perfectly loving God with your whole being and, consequently, perfectly loving fellow humans. Christian perfection occurs at a point in time after you are already a Christian. Wesley labels this second work of grace as not only Christian perfection but salvation from all sin, entire sanctification, perfect love, holiness, purity of intention, full salvation, second blessing, second rest, and dedicating all your life to God.

When Wesleyan perfectionism blended with American revivalism in the late 1830s, the holiness movement emerged. Methodist perfectionism emphasizes the crisis of Christian perfection more emphatically than Wesleyan perfectionism. Oberlin perfectionism views sanctification as entirely consecrating a person’s autonomous free will to obey the moral law. These views influenced higher life theology.

The Higher Life (or Keswick) View of Progressive Sanctification

Higher life theology is another type of second-blessing theology. Christians experience two “blessings.” The first is getting saved, and the second is getting serious. The change is dramatic. Higher life theology refers to these two distinct categories of Christians in various ways:

Category 1	Category 2
Carnal	Spiritual
Justified but no crisis of sanctification	Justified and crisis of sanctification
Justification actual (factual); sanctification possible	Sanctification actual and experiential (functional)
Received Christ by faith as your righteousness	Received Christ by faith as your holiness
Free from sin’s penalty	Free from sin’s power
First blessing	Second blessing (followed by more blessings)
First stage	Second stage
Average	Normal
Constant defeat	Constant victory
Expect defeat, surprised by victory	Expect victory, surprised by defeat
Life in the flesh	Life in the Spirit
Not abiding in Christ	Abiding in Christ
Have life	Have life more abundantly
Spirit-indwelt	Spirit-baptized and Spirit-filled
Spirit-indwelt	Christ-indwelt
Christ is Savior	Christ is both Savior and Lord
Believer	Disciple
Out of fellowship/communion with God	In fellowship/communion with God
Headship: “in Christ” positionally	Fellowship: “in Christ” experientially
The self-life (Rom 7)	The Christ-life (Rom 8)
Spiritual bondage	Spiritual liberty
Duty-life	Love-life
Restless worry	Perfect peace and rest
Experientially pre-Pentecost	Experientially post-Pentecost
No power for service	Power for service
Virtual fruitlessness	Abundant fruitfulness
Stagnation	Perpetual freshness
Feebleness	Strength
Lower life	Higher life
Shallow life	Deeper life
Trying	Trusting
The life of struggle/works	The life/rest of faith
The unsurrendered life	The life of consecration
The life lacking blessing	The blessed life
Liberated from Egypt but still in the wilderness	In the land of Canaan
The Christian life as it ought not be	The Christian life as it ought to be

Christians experience the second blessing (i.e., they move from category 1 to category 2) through surrender and faith: “Let go and let God.” There are two steps:

• Step 1 is surrender: “Let go.” It is at this point that Christians completely give themselves to Jesus as their Master. “Letting go” includes surrendering to God every habit, ambition, hope, loved one, and possession, as well as oneself. Victory over sin that involves effort is merely a counterfeit victory.
• Step 2 is faith: “Let God.” After this step, God is obligated to keep believers from sin’s power.

Let go + let God = consecration. The key is trusting, not trying, resting, not struggling.

When you experience a crisis of consecration, you are Spirit-filled. Continuing to be Spirit-filled is the only way to spiritually grow and to avoid relapsing back to category 1. The way to remain Spirit-filled is to continue to let go and let God.

The Pentecostal View of Progressive Sanctification

Pentecostalism, according to most church historians, began on December 31, 1900. According to Pentecostalism, believers should experience Spirit-baptism after conversion and initially demonstrate this by speaking in tongues.

Pentecostals are divided regarding whether Spirit-baptism happens at the sanctification crisis or at a later time. Thus, some call Spirit-baptism “the second blessing” and others “the third blessing.” The three blessings are (1) the crisis of conversion for salvation, (2) the crisis of sanctification for holiness, and (3) the crisis of Spirit-baptism for power in service.

The Chaferian View of Progressive Sanctification

Three theologians have been most influential in spreading the Chaferian view, and they are each connected with Dallas Theological Seminary: (1) Lewis Sperry Chafer (1871–1952) cofounded Dallas Theological Seminary in 1924; (2) John F. Walvoord (1910–2002) served in leadership roles at Dallas Theological Seminary from 1935 until his death; and (3) Charles C. Ryrie (1925–2016) taught systematic theology at Dallas Theological Seminary (1953–1958, 1962–1983). (Most professors at Dallas Theological Seminary today do not hold the Chaferian view.)

Like higher life theology, the Chaferian view identifies three categories of people: (1) natural (unconverted), (2) carnal (converted but characterized by an unconverted lifestyle), and (3) spiritual (converted and Spirit-filled). Unlike higher life theology, the Chaferian view insists that Spirit-baptism occurs at conversion for all Christians. Spirit-baptism is a once-for-all-time act at conversion, and repeated Spirit-filling is the key for a Christian to live as a spiritual person instead of a carnal one.

(The Chaferian view of progressive sanctification is directly related to the so-called Lordship salvation controversy. See the article “Must Jesus Be Lord?”)

The Reformed View of Progressive Sanctification

What fundamentally distinguishes the Reformed view from the other four is that the Reformed view does not create two categories of Christians. The other four views divide Christians into two distinct categories (e.g., carnal and spiritual).

All Christians are both justified and being progressively sanctified (Rom 5–8). Justification and progressive sanctification are distinct:

	Justification	Progressive Sanctification
Quality	Instantly declared righteous	Gradually made righteous
	Objective, judicial (non-experiential): legal, forensic position	Subjective, experiential: daily experience
	External: outside the believer	Internal: inside the believer
	Christ’s righteousness imputed, received judicially	Christ’s righteousness imparted, worked out experientially
	Instantly removes sin’s guilt and penalty	Gradually removes sin’s pollution and power
	Does not change character	Gradually transforms character
Quantity	All Christians share the same legal standing	Christians are at different stages of growth
Duration	A single, instantaneous completed act: once-for-all-time, never repeated	A continuing process: gradual, maturing, lifelong

Justification and progressive sanctification are distinct, but they are inseparable. Faith alone justifies, but the faith that justifies is never alone. God’s grace through the power of his Spirit ensures that the same faith that justifies a Christian also progressively sanctifies a Christian.

All Christians are spiritual; none are permanently carnal (1Cor 2:6–3:4). Paul describes people as natural, spiritual, and carnal (or “of the flesh”). The issue is whether those are three distinct categories. Natural refers to “the person without the Spirit,” and spiritual refers to “the person with the Spirit” (NIV). All humans are in one of two categories:

Category 1	Category 2
non-Christian	Christian
unregenerate	regenerate
unbelieving	believing
unrepentant	repentant
unconverted	converted
natural (does not have the Spirit)	spiritual (has the Spirit)

Paul rebukes the Corinthian believers for not acting like who they are (3:1–4). Although they were people who had the Spirit, they were acting like people not having the Spirit because people having the Spirit characteristically live a certain way. Christians may temporarily live in a fleshly way in some areas, but Christians by definition live in a characteristically righteous way.

Paul does not teach that there is a permanent category called “carnal Christians” in which fruitless, fleshly professing believers may remain throughout their entire “Christian” life.

All Christians are Spirit-baptized (1Cor 12:13). Spirit-baptism is Christ’s judicially placing Christians in the Holy Spirit when God regenerates them, thus placing them into the body of Christ. The New Testament never commands or exhorts Christians to pursue or receive Spirit-baptism because they are already Spirit-baptized.

Conclusion

Bad theology dishonors God and hurts people. That applies to views of the Christian life that chronologically separate the time a person becomes a Christian from the time progressive sanctification begins. They are well-meaning quick-fix approaches to Christian living. But their quick fix to your struggle with sin will not result in a higher life, deeper life, victorious life, more abundant life, or anything other than a misguided, frustrated, and/or disillusioned life. There is a better way. (See the articles “Sanctification,” “The Mortification of Sin,” “The Christian Life,” “Enjoying God,” “Trusting God,” “Serving God,” “Cultivating Practical Godliness,” “Overcoming Temptation,” and “Confession of Sin.”)